By Maximilian J. Telford, D.T.J. Littlewood
Animal lifestyles, now and during the last part billion years, is quite different. Describing and figuring out the evolution of this range of physique plans - from vertebrates corresponding to people and fish to the varied invertebrate teams together with sponges, bugs, molluscs, and the various teams of worms - is a huge target of evolutionary biology. during this publication, a gaggle of major researchers undertake a latest, built-in method of describe how present molecular genetic thoughts and disciplines as diversified as palaeontology, embryology, and genomics were mixed, leading to a dramatic renaissance within the research of animal evolution. the decade has noticeable transforming into curiosity in evolutionary biology fuelled by means of a wealth of knowledge from molecular biology. smooth phylogenies integrating proof from molecules, embryological info, and morphology of dwelling and fossil taxa supply a large consensus of the key branching styles of the tree of existence; in addition, the hyperlinks among phenotype and genotype are more and more good understood. This has led to a competent tree of relationships that has been greatly authorized and has spawned various new and interesting questions that require a reassessment of the origins and radiation of animal existence. the focal point of this quantity is on the point of significant animal teams, the morphological thoughts that outline them, and the mechanisms of switch to their embryology that experience ended in their evolution. present examine topics and destiny clients are highlighted together with phylogeny reconstruction, comparative developmental biology, the worth of alternative assets of knowledge and the significance of fossils, homology evaluate, personality evolution, phylogeny of significant teams of animals, and genome evolution. those subject matters are built-in within the mild of a 'new animal phylogeny', to supply clean insights into the styles and strategies of animal evolution. Animal Evolution provides a well timed and finished assertion of development within the box for tutorial researchers requiring an authoritative, balanced and up to date assessment of the subject. it's also meant for either top point undergraduate and graduate scholars taking classes in animal evolution, molecular phylogenetics, evo-devo, comparative genomics and linked disciplines.
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Additional info for Animal Evolution: Genomes, Fossils, and Trees
Example text
2004). e. the choanoderm) that are specialized for filter-feeding. 4). Contrary to the dogma that sponges lack functional epithelia is the observation that the cell layers that line their various body cavities are differentiated. For example, in addition to the choanoderm, the body surface, internal water canals, and spermatic cysts are lined by T-shaped pinacocyte cells, whereas oocytes and embryos are often encased in a layer of large, cuboidal follicle cells. Furthermore, in some species the basal epithelium is uniquely differentiated and larvae develop an outer presumptive epithelium composed of columnar cells more than 15 µm high and c.
Instead, the weight of evidence places choanoflagellates as the closest living metazoan outgroup, sponges as the earliest branching metazoan phylum, and argues that the choanocyte-based feeding strategy of sponges is ancestral to all Metazoa. 3 Reconstructing the genetic toolkit for cell–cell interactions Choanoflagellates and sponges, by virtue of their positions on the tree of life, bracket metazoan origins and are well situated to help us understand the genetic innovations associated with the transition to multicellularity.
The strength of this argument lies in its proven predictive power; it was the hypothesized homology of sponge choanocytes with choanoflagellates that first suggested an evolutionary relationship between choanoflagellates and metazoans (to the exclusion of countless other eukaryotes). As discussed above, this predicted relationship has since been independently borne out in phylogenetic analyses. e. , 2008). With this perspective, we can begin to reconcile the ‘primitive’ nature of the modern sponge body plan with the fact that they, like most metazoans, are the product of at least 600 million years of independent evolution.
